Python Built-in Functions Example

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Python built-in functions are functions provided by python for you to use directly, such as print and input, etc. As of python version 3.6.2, a total of 68 built-in functions are provided. Today, let’s take a look at python’s built-in functions as shown in the figure below.

1. Basic Data Types Functions.

1.1 Number Related Functions.

1.1.1 Data Type Convert Functions.
  1. bool():Convert a value to boolean data type. General False value are 0,””,{},[],(),False,None. 
    >>> str = 'False'
>>> bool(str)
True
>>> str = ''
>>> bool(str)
False
  2. int(): Convert a value to integer number. 
    >>> int(3.5)
3
>>> int('6')
6
  3. float(): Convert a value to float number. 
    >>> float(3)
3.0
>>> float("3.500")
3.5
1.1.2 Data Value Convert Functions.
  1. bin(): Convert to binary value that starts with 0b. 
    >>> bin(10)
'0b1010'
  2. Oct(): Convert to octal beginning with 0o. 
    >>> oct(10)
'0o12'
>>> oct(0b10101)
'0o25'
>>> oct(0XA)
'0o12'
  3. hex(): Convert to hex starts with 0x. 
    >>> hex(10)
'0xa'
>>> hex(-1)
'-0x1'
1.1.3 Mathematical Functions.
  1. abs(): returns the absolute value. 
    >>> abs(-89)
89
  2. divmod(a,b): returns a tuple which contains quotient and remainder. 
    >>> divmod(10,3)
(3, 1)
  3. round(a, b): rounding a number with specified number position after the point. for example 
    print(round(10/6,5))
1.66667
  4. pow(a,b): Find the b power of a, if there are three parameters. Then the third number is redundant after the power is obtained. 
    >>> pow(2,3)
8
  5. sum (iterable, start): loop over an iterable object, calculates the summary value of each number item, the start is used to specify the begin index in the iterable object, the default value is 0 if omit. 
    # Calculates the sum of two lists
lst1=[2,3,4]
lst2=[1,2,3,4]
print(sum(lst1,sum(lst2)))
19
  6. min(): evaluate the minimum value. 
    >>> a = (1,6,5)
>>> min(a)
1
  7. max(): evaluate the maximum value. 
    >>> max('jerry','Tom','Richard')
'jerry'
>>> max(5,10,3)
10

1.2 Data Structure Related Functions.

1.2.1 List Related Functions.
  1. list(): Create a list based on the provided list. 
    >>> list(['java','python','c++'])
['java', 'python', 'c++']
>>> list(('java','python','c++'))
['java', 'python', 'c++']
>>> list('java')
['j', 'a', 'v', 'a']
  2. tuple(): Create a tuple based on provided tuple. 
    >>> tuple('python')
('p', 'y', 't', 'h', 'o', 'n')
>>> tuple(['python','java','c++'])
('python', 'java', 'c++')
>>> tuple(('python','java','c++'))
('python', 'java', 'c++')
  3. reversed(): Reverse a sequence and return the iterator of the reversed sequence. 
    >>> lst= [1,4,5,76,88]
>>> it=reversed(lst)
>>> print(it)
<list_reverseiterator object at 0x105075748>
>>> for item in it:
...    print(item)
... 
88
76
5
4
1
  4. slice(): Return a slice of the list. 
    >>> lst= [1,4,5,76,88]
>>> s = slice(1,3)
>>> print(lst[s])
[4, 5]
>>> s = slice(3, len(lst))
>>> lst[s]
[76, 88]
>>> s = slice(3)
>>> lst[s]
[1, 4, 5]
1.2.2 String Functions.
  1. str(): Create a string value. 
    >>> str(100)
'100'
>>> str(1.2)
'1.2'
>>> str('hello')
'hello'
  2. format(): Format output, specific data related, used to calculate various counts, actuarial, etc. 
    >>> format(91,"b")
'1011011'
>>> format(97,"c")
'a'
>>> format(123456789,"e")#
'1.234568e+08'
>>> format(123456789,".2e")
'1.23e+08'
>>> format(0.2342,".3f")
'0.234'
  3. bytes(): Converting string to byte values. 
    >>> bytes('dev2qa.com',encoding="utf-8")
b'dev2qa.com'
  4. bytearray(): Create a new byte array. 
    >>> bytearray('dev2qa.com','utf-8')
bytearray(b'dev2qa.com')
  5. memoryview(): View bytes in memory. 
    >>> v = memoryview(b'abcefg')
>>> print(v)
<memory at 0x00DC9238>
>>> print(list(v)) # [97, 98, 99, 101, 102, 103]
[97, 98, 99, 101, 102, 103]
  6. ord(): Used to return ASCII value (0-255) or Unicode numeric value of a single character. 
    >>> ord('v')
118
>>> ord('1')
49
>>> ord(1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: ord() expected string of length 1, but int found
>>> ord('ab')
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: ord() expected a character, but string of length 2 found
>>>
  7. chr(): Enter an integer [0, 255] to return its corresponding ASCII symbol. 
    >>> chr(1)
'\x01'
>>> chr(16)
'\x10'
>>> chr(100)
'd'
>>> chr('100')
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: an integer is required (got type str)
  8. ascii(): Return a string value of the provided object, none ASCII character will be escaped. 
    >>> ascii('Pythön is interesting')
"'Pyth\\xf6n is interesting'"
  9. repr(): Returns the string form of an object, which is the output of the original object, and neither quotation marks nor escape characters work. 
    >>> list = ['a']
>>> repr(list)
"['a']"
1.2.3 Collection Data Functions.
  1. dict(): dictionary.
  2. Set(): Set elements are hashable, but they are not hashable in themselves and cannot be used as keys in dictionaries.
  3. Frozenset(): Create a frozen collection. The frozen collection cannot be added or deleted and can be used as the key of a dictionary. 
    >>> s = {'a','b','c'}
>>>
>>> dic = {s:"dev2qa.com"}
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: unhashable type: 'set'
>>>
>>> ss=frozenset(s)
>>>
>>> dic = {ss:"dev2qa.com"}
>>>
>>> print(dic)
{frozenset({'c', 'b', 'a'}): 'dev2qa.com'}
  4. len(): returns the number of elements in an object. 
    >>> len('dev2qa.com')
10
>>> len(['dev2qa.com'])
1
>>> len(88888)
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: object of type 'int' has no len()
>>> len('88888')
5
  5. sorted(): Sort iterable objects. 
    >>> lst = [9,4,2,54,6,32,1]
>>> print(sorted(lst))
[1, 2, 4, 6, 9, 32, 54]
  6. enumerate(): Return the enumeration object of the collection, the return value type is a tuple. 
    >>> lst = ["java","python","ios"]
>>> 
>>> enu = enumerate(lst)
>>> for el in enu: 
...    print(el) 
... 
(0, 'java')
(1, 'python')
(2, 'ios')
>>> enu = enumerate(lst)
>>> for idx,el in enu:
...    print(idx,el)
... 
0 java
1 python
2 ios
>>> enu = enumerate(lst, 100)
>>> for idx,el in enu:
...    print(idx, el)
... 
100 java
101 python
102 ios
>>>
  7. all(): When all of the iterable objects are True, then the result is True, similar to the and operator. 
    >>> all([False,'0','hello'])
False
>>> all([True,'0','hello'])
True
>>> all([True,'','hello'])
False
  8. any(): One of the iterable objects is True, then the result is True, similar to or operator. 
    >>> any([True,'','hello'])
True
  9. zip(): Take iterable objects as a parameter, wrap the corresponding elements in the iterable object into a tuple, and then return those tuples. If the number of elements in each iterator object is inconsistent, the object with the shortest list length is returned. 
    >>> lst =["Java","Python","iOS"]
>>> lst2 =["Node","Android"]
>>> lst3 =["MacOS","Linux","Windows"]
>>> a = zip(lst,lst2,lst3)
>>> print("__iter__" in dir(a)) 
True
>>> 
>>> for el in a:
...    print(el) 
... 
('Java', 'Node', 'MacOS')
('Python', 'Android', 'Linux')
>>>
  10. filter(function, iterable): Take out each element of the iterable object and run it with the provided function. The function returns True or False. It only retains the element which function returns True. 
    >>> lst = [23, 28, 15, 27, 24, 22]
>>> s = filter(lambda x: x >18 and x%2==0,lst)
>>> print(s) 
<filter object at 0x1079f0b38>
>>> print(list(s))
[28, 24, 22]
  11. map(function, iterable): Take out each element of an iterable object and run it in function. The returned data is the result. 
    >>> lst = [1,5,9,3]
>>> m = map(lambda x:x**2,lst)
>>> print(list(m))
[1, 25, 81, 9]

>>> lst1 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> lst2 = [2, 4, 6, 8, 10]
>>> m = map(lambda x,y:x+y,lst1,lst2)
>>> print(list(m))  #[3, 6, 9, 12, 15]
[3, 6, 9, 12, 15]

2. Scope Related Functions.

  1. locals(): returns the name within the current scope.
  2. globals(): returns the name in the global scope. 
    >>> def test():
...     a=10
...     print(locals()) 
... 
>>> test()
{'a': 10}
>>> 
>>> print(globals())
{'__name__': '__main__', '__doc__': None, '__package__': None, '__loader__': <class '_frozen_importlib.BuiltinImporter'>, '__spec__': None, '__annotations__': {}, '__builtins__': <module 'builtins' (built-in)>, 'lst': [1, 5, 9, 3], 'enu': <enumerate object at 0x1079f36c0>, 'el': ('Python', 'Android', 'Linux'), 'idx': 102, 'lst2': [2, 4, 6, 8, 10], 'lst3': ['MacOS', 'Linux', 'Windows'], 'a': <zip object at 0x1079f25c8>, 's': <filter object at 0x1079f0b38>, 'm': <map object at 0x1079f0c88>, 'lst1': [1, 2, 3, 4, 5], 'test': <function test at 0x1079d67b8>}
>>> 
>>> print(locals())
{'__name__': '__main__', '__doc__': None, '__package__': None, '__loader__': <class '_frozen_importlib.BuiltinImporter'>, '__spec__': None, '__annotations__': {}, '__builtins__': <module 'builtins' (built-in)>, 'lst': [1, 5, 9, 3], 'enu': <enumerate object at 0x1079f36c0>, 'el': ('Python', 'Android', 'Linux'), 'idx': 102, 'lst2': [2, 4, 6, 8, 10], 'lst3': ['MacOS', 'Linux', 'Windows'], 'a': <zip object at 0x1079f25c8>, 's': <filter object at 0x1079f0b38>, 'm': <map object at 0x1079f0c88>, 'lst1': [1, 2, 3, 4, 5], 'test': <function test at 0x1079d67b8>}

3. Iterator/Generator Related Functions.

  1. range(): Used to generate numbers list for example. 
    >>> for i in range(10):
...    print(i)
... 
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
  2. iter(): Get iterators, internally use the __iter__() method to get iterators.
  3. next(): Get the next element with the iterator, internally using the __next__() method to return the iterator’s next item. 
    >>> lst= ["Python","Java","Android"]
>>> # get the iterator.
... it=iter(lst) # same as (lst.__iter__())
>>> for i in it:
...   print(i)
...   it.__next__()
... 
Python
'Java'
Android
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 3, in <module>
StopIteration



>>> lst= ["Python","Java","Android"]
>>> # get the iterator.
... # same as (lst.__iter__())
... it=iter(lst)
>>> for i in it:
...   print(i)
...   # same as (it.__next__())
...   # Add None to avoid StopIteration exception 
...   next(it, None) 
... 
Python
'Java'
Android

4. Reflection Related Functions.

  1. hasattr(obj, str): check whether obj contains str or not, return True or False.
  2. getattr(obj, str): get str value from obj.
  3. setattr(obj, str, value): set obj str value.
  4. delattr(obj, str): delete str value from obj. 
    >>> class Employee:
...   name = "Jerry"
...   age = 36
...   department = "Dev"
... 
>>> hasattr(Employee, 'department')
True
>>> hasattr(Employee, 'salary')
False

>>> getattr(Employee, 'name')
'Jerry'

>>> setattr(Employee, 'age', '18')
>>> getattr(Employee, 'age')
'18'

>>> delattr(Employee, 'department')
>>> getattr(Employee, 'department')
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "", line 1, in 
AttributeError: type object 'Employee' has no attribute 'department'

5. Object-Oriented Functions.

  1. issubclass(): Determines whether the first argument is a subclass of the second argument. 
    >>> class Animal:
...    pass
... 
>>> class Bird(Animal):
...    pass
... 
>>> class Duck(Bird):
...    pass
... 
>>> class Dog(Animal):
...    pass
... 
>>> 
>>> issubclass(Bird, Animal)
True
>>> issubclass(Duck, Animal)
True
>>> issubclass(Dog, Bird)
False
  2. type(): Get the data type of an object, it will return the class that creates the object. 
    >>> class Hello:
...    def show(self):
...        print("hello")
... 
>>> obj=Hello()
>>> 
>>> print(obj,type(obj))
<__main__.Hello object at 0x10312abe0> <class '__main__.Hello'>
>>> type(obj)
<class '__main__.Hello'>
>>> type('hello')
<class 'str'>
>>> type(88)
<class 'int'>
  3. isinstance(): Determine whether the object is of provided class type. 
    >>> class Hello:
...    pass
... 
>>> isinstance(Hello(), Hello)
True
>>> 
>>> isinstance('hello', str)
True
>>> isinstance(8, int)
True
  4. hash(): Get the hash value of the provided object. 
    hash('dev2qa.com')
2973421833085428103
  5. id(): Get object memory address. 
    >>> class Hello:
...    pass
... 
>>> id(Hello)
140396975939144
  6. help(): To see a function or module’s detailed description.
  7. callable(): Checks whether an object is callable and the result is True or False. 
    >>> def func():
...     pass
... 
>>> callable(func())
False
>>> 
>>> callable(func)
True
  8. eval(): Executes python code in a string and returns the final result. 
    >>> n = input("Please input number :")
Please input number :print(eval(n))
>>> 1
1
>>> 2
2
  9. exec(): Executes string-type code with no return value. 
    >>> exec("a = 1+2+3")
>>> print(a)
6
  10. compile(resource, file_name, mode): Compile string-type code and the compile result object can be executed by exec() or evaluated by eval().
    resource: python code string.
    file_name: the python source code file name can be empty when the resource is not empty.
    mode: the python source code type, value can be exec, eval, or single. please look at the comments below for a detailed explanation.

    >>> code1 = "for i in range(3): print(i)"
>>> # mode="exec" means the string contains process statements.
... c1 = compile(code1, "", mode="exec")
>>> exec(c1)    
0
1
2
>>> 
>>> code2 = "1+2+3"
>>> # mode="eval" means the string contains value expression.
... c2 = compile(code2, "", mode="eval")
>>> a = eval(c2)
>>> print(a)
6
>>> 
>>> 
>>> code3 = "name = input('Input a number :')"
>>> # mode="single" means the string code should be interact with user.
... c3 = compile(code3, "", mode="single")
>>> exec(c3)
Input a number :print(name) 1
>>> 2
2

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